Superior Capsular Reconstruction for Shoulder with an Irreparable Massive Posterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tear – A Case Report

Acta of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery | Volume 4 | Issue 1 | January-June 2020 | Page 11-14 |  Dinesh Chidambaram


Authors:  Dinesh Chidambaram [1]

[1] Department of Orthopaedics, Royal Care Superspeciality
Hospital, Neelambur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Address of Correspondence
Dr. Dinesh Chidambaram,
Consultant Trauma and Arthroscopy Surgeon,
Royal Care Superspeciality Hospital, Neelambur,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: dineshchidambaram75@gmail.com


Abstract

A 65 year old gentleman presented with complaints of progressive pain over right shoulder for the past six months following fall onto his right shoulder one year back. He was diagnosed with massive retracted irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tear, for which superior capsular reconstruction with fascia lata autograft was performed. At 9 months follow up, patient has normal range of shoulder movements without any pain.
Keywords: Superior capsular reconstruction, Fascia lata graft


References

1.Inman VT, Saunders JB, Abbott LC. Observations of the function of the shoulder joint. 1944. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996:3e12.
2.Burkhart SS. Partial repair of massive rotator cuff tears: the evolution of a concept. Orthop Clin North Am. 1997; 28:125e132.
3.Parsons IM, Apreleva M, Fu FH,Woo SL. The effect of rotator cuff tears on reaction forces at the glenohumeral joint. J Orthop Res. 2002; 20:439e446.
4.Bedi A, Dines J, Warren RF, Dines DM. Massive tears of the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92:1894-1908
5.Goutallier D, Postel JM, Bernageau J, Lavau L, Voisin MC. Fatty muscle degeneration in cuff ruptures. Pre- and postoperative evaluation by CT scan. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1994; 78-83
6.Burkhart SS. Arthroscopic debridement and decompression for selected rotator cuff tears. Clinical results, pathomechanics, and patient selection based on biomechanical parameters. Orthop Clin North Am 1993; 24:111-123.
7.Rockwood CA Jr, Williams GR Jr, Burkhead WZ Jr. Debridement of degenerative, irreparable lesions of the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995; 77:857-866.
8.Burkhart SS, Nottage WM, Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Kohn HS, Pachelli A. Partial repair of irreparable rotator cuff tears. Arthroscopy 1994; 10:363-370.
9.Duralde XA, Bair B. Massive rotator cuff tears: The result of partial rotator cuff repair. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2005; 14:121-127.
10.Gerber C. Latissimus dorsi transfer for the treatment of irreparable tears of the rotator cuff. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1992; 152-160.
11.Warner JJ, Parsons IM. Latissimus dorsi tendon transfer: A comparative analysis of primary and salvage reconstruction of massive, irreparable rotator cuff tears. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2001; 10:514-521.
12.Gerber C, Maquieira G, Espinosa N. Latissimus dorsi transfer for the treatment of irreparable rotator cuff tears. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88:113-120.
13.Farshad M, Gerber C. Reverse total shoulder arthroplastyfrom the most to the least common complication. Int Orthop 2010; 34:1075-1082.
14.Mihata T, Lee TQ, Watanabe C, Fukunishi K, Ohue M, Tsujimura T, et al. Clinical results of arthroscopic superior capsule reconstruction for irreparable rotator cuff tears. Arthroscopy. 2013; 29(3):459-70
15.Hirahara AM, Andersen WJ, Panero AJ. Superior capsular reconstruction: clinical outcomes after minimum 2-year follow-up. Am J Orthop. 2017; 44(6):266-78.
16.Burkhart SS, Denard PJ, Adams CR, Brady PC, Hartzler RU. Arthroscopic superior capsular reconstruction for massive irreparable rotator cuff repair. Arthrosc Tech. 2016; 5(6):e1407-18.
17.Clark JM, Harryman DT 2nd. Tendons, ligaments, and capsule of the rotator cuff. Gross and microscopic anatomy. J Bone Joint Am. 1992; 74(5):713-25.
18.Ishihara Y, Mihata T, Tamboli M, Nguyen L, Park KP, McGarry MH, et al. Role of the superior shoulder capsule in passive stability of the glenohumeral joint. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014; 23(5):642-8.
19.Mihata T, McGarry MH, Kahn T, Goldberg I, Neo M, Lee TQ. Biomechanical effect of thickness and tension of fascia lata graft on glenohumeral stability for superior capsule reconstruction in irreparable supraspinatus tears. Arthroscopy. 2016; 32(3):418-26.
20.Mihata T, Bui CNH, Akeda M, Cavagnaro MA, Kuenzler M, Peterson AB, et al. A biomechanical cadaveric study comparing superior capsule reconstruction using fascia lata allograft with human dermal allograft for irreparable rotator cuff tear. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017; 26(12):2158-66.
21.Mihata T, McGarry MH, Kahn T, Goldberg I, Neo M, Lee TQ. Biomechanical effects of acromioplasty on superior capsule reconstruction for irreparable supraspinatus tendon tears. Am J Sports Med. 2016; 44(1):191-7.
22.Mihata T, McGarry MH, Kahn T, Goldberg I, Neo M, Lee TQ. Biomechanical role of capsular continuity in superior capsule reconstruction for irreparable tears of the supraspinatus tendon. Am J Sports Med. 2016; 44(6):1423-30


How to Cite this article: Chidambaram D | Superior Capsular Reconstruction for Shoulder with an Irreparable Massive Posterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tear – A Case Report | Acta of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery | January-June 2020; 4(1): 11-14.


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The Acta of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery  (ISSN 2457-0338) is a peer-reviewed Open access journal which will be published quarterly. ASES is started with an idea of a journal that will be international, intelligent, interactive and at the same time clinically relevant. The editors welcome submissions from all over the world. The stress is on latest research in the field of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery including aetiopathology, clinical and radiographic outcomes, surgical technique and implant design, biomechanics, and biomaterials. Special focus will be on surgical techniques and Videos.

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There are two main reasons; [1] To produce a body of literature that is clinically relevant and to make this knowledge freely accessible to all. Journals have shown trend to move towards a more rigid framework of scientific publications, meanwhile losing the focus that Journals are meant to directly influence and improve patient care. [2] Charging for downloading articles imposes another limitation on dispersion and use of knowledge. ASES intends to counter these two issues by creating a journal that is intelligent, interactive, and clinically relevant and at the same time completely Open Access.

The Acta of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery will be a quarterly (4 issues per year) print and online journal. The online version will be an open access source and the print version will be made available on subscription. The journal publishes original articles, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, instructional lectures, case reports, technical notes and letters to the editor.

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The use of Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty for treatment of Chronic Shoulder Dislocations

Acta of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery | Volume 2| Issue 1 | Jan-Jun 2017 | Page 11-14| Alexandre de Almeida, Rodrigo Zampieri, Pedro Guarise da Silva, Nayvaldo Couto de Almeida, Ana Paula Agostini


Authors: Alexandre de Almeida [1], Rodrigo Zampieri [1], Pedro Guarise da Silva [1], Nayvaldo Couto de Almeida [1], Ana Paula Agostin [2]

[1] Pompeia Hospital, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
[2]Pediatric M.D. at Caxias do Sul University, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil

Address of Correspondence
Dr. Alexandre de Almeida:
Rua Vitório Buzelatto, 222/601. Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
Zip: 95020290.
E-mail: bone@visao.com.br


Abstract

Background: The chronic shoulder dislocation is a serious condition that cuts the upper limb function and puts it in a bad position for use of the elbow and hand. The mechanical changes due to the time that the joint is dislocated are irreversible and difficult to management. The surgical procedure for treatment this condition is generally salvaging procedures and has limited results mostly when the patient has limited healing capacity by age.
Methods: We evaluated three (3) patients with anterior chronic dislocation of the shoulder that underwent surgical treatment with Reverse Arthroplasty. The average age was 68 years, with the youngest patient 64 years old and the oldest, 77. The average period in which the shoulders were dislocated was 15 months (minimum of 4 and maximum of 24 months). The mean postoperative follow-up was 29.3 months (12 months minimum).
Results: Surgery was performed with a mean time of 123 minutes and one patient (33%) required blood transfusion. An average active flexion of 103 degrees and an average of 10 degrees of external rotation was reached. Internal rotation of the upper limb reaching the spinous process of the L4 was achieved in average. The mean UCLA index was 24 and 66% of patients were capable of activities of daily living. The complication rate was 33% with a transient axillary neuropraxia for 30 days.
Conclusion: The self-stabilization of the Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty can lead to the short-term satisfactory results in the treatment of anterior chronic dislocation in elderly people.
Keywords: Reverse shoulder arthroplasty; dislocation;fractures, sequelae; posttraumatic; shoulder dislocation; shoulder replacement.


Introduction

Dislocation of the scapular-humeral joint is a condition that, when neglected, becomes an unwieldy condition where the prognosis is poor[1-5]. It is classified as type 2 of Walch Fracture-Sequela Classification [6].
Literature is controversial about the definition of chronic dislocation of the shoulder joint (CSD). Schultz et al[7] considered CSD 24 hours after the trauma. Rowe and Zarins[8] recognized as chronic the dislocation with at least three weeks of evolution. Postacchini and Facchini[9] defined as chronic the dislocation diagnosed after 45 days.
The treatment of this condition is divided between anatomical and arthroplastic surgical procedures. Anatomical procedures preserve bone stock and try to maintain the reduced joint functional. The arthroplasty procedures require the use of the muscule-capsular stabilizing envelope, which is damaged, making it difficult to maintain a stable and functional joint [1,10-13].
The objective of the study is to evaluate the médium-term result of the treatment of CSD with Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty (RSA).

Methods
From January 2013 to September 2014, three patients presenting chronic anterior dislocation of the shoulder joint underwent surgical treatment by using RSA at the Shoulder and Elbow division of our institution. Patients, on the occasion of their admission for surgery, were informed and consented the use of their medical records data for scientific research. There was the release of the ethics committee of the institution involved in the study.
The average age of the sample was 68 years and the average length of shoulder dislocation was 15 months (minimum of four and maximum of 24 months).
The preoperative physical examination demonstrated, by inspection, a characteristic deformity of the anterior shoulder dislocation, function limited by the blockade of motion and the anomalous position of the upper limb. The patients had no neurological deficit (Fig. 1).
The surgical procedures were performed by the same surgeon in the “beach chair” position by a deltopectoral access. The brand of the arthroplasty was Exactech in two cases and Zimmer in one case. Two humeral stems were cemented and one uncemented. It was not possible to perform the closing of Subscapularis tendon in the three cases. The average operative time was two hours and three minutes (123 minutes) and there was the need for blood transfusion in one patient (33%) (Fig. 2).
The variables used for the study were: age, sex, operated side, range of motion, the index of UCLA and presence of alcoholism.
The data were analyzed by the arithmetic averages and proportions.

Results
The average age of patients included in the study was 68 years. The youngest patient was 64 and the oldest, 77 years old. Two patients were male and one was female. The operated side was the right side in all patients and all patients were right handed.
Postoperative clinical evaluation was performed with an average of 29 months, with a minimum of 12 months. The average active forward flexion was 103 degrees, the average of external rotation was 10 degrees and the average internal rotation reached the L4 spinous process. Two patients (66%) was able to perform the daily activities (Fig. 3).
The UCLA index was different for the three patients. One patient presented UCLA 14 (bad), another one presented UCLA 28 (regular) and the other patient UCLA 30 (good).
It was shown, by post-operative physical examination, the emergence of transient neuropraxia of Axillary Nerve in one patient (33%) that was solved at the end of 60 days.

Discussion
Chronic dislocation of the scapular-humeral joint is a difficult condition to be handled because of structural damage to the joint anatomy caused by the anomalous position of the humeral head [1-5, 12, 14]. The elapsed time since the trauma seems to increase the destruction of bone and capsuloligamentar tissue by compression and traction respectively[3,4, 12, 14]. The literature is controversial and shows intervals ranging from 24 hours to 45 days after injury to consider a CSD[7-9]. Having in mind that the elapsed time since the trauma makes the changes of capsuloligamentar tissue and bone, less and less reversible. It is known that primary soft tissue healing is as long as than 21 days, in average[15]. Thus the author will consider chronic dislocations those presenting the timeframe higher than 21 days. In our study, the most recent dislocation was 4 months.
The CSD is classified according to the direction in anterior and posterior and it is considered as type 2 Walch Fracture-Sequela Classification[6]. All patients included in the study had anterior CSD, which is less tolerated by the non-functional position of the upper limb[1] and the compression of the brachial plexus by the proximal humerus[16].
The bone and capsuloligamentous changes are generally definitive, irreversible and determine a poor prognosis of treatment[5,12,14,17,18]. Therapeutic options are resection arthroplasty (Jones Surgery)[19]; surgical reduction with the attempt to repair the rotator cuff or greater tuberosity fixation [20,21]; surgical reduction with reconstruction of soft tissue and bone, association or not of grafts; infra-spinatus’ Ramplissage [22,23,24]; surgical reduction followed by coracoid transfer to the anterior glenoid[5]; partial and total arthroplasties[4,25,26] and the simple observation of the evolution of the patient (supervised neglect)[17].
Metha[27] evaluated a case of CSD with six weeks of evolution that underwent surgical reduction and reconstruction of the humeral head with osteochondral graft. The case had a satisfactory outcome.
Li et al[5], evaluated the capacity of Latarjet procedure to keep the reduction in 35 patients with CSD. The dislocation recurrence rate was approximately 50%. Abdelhady[24] analyzed a series of four patients with CSD which held surgical reduction and Ramplissage of infra-spinatus in the Hill-Sacks defect. It was reported that one case (25%), with deficiency of the anterior glenoid bone stock, required a Latarjet as an additional procedure.
Venkatachalam et al[25] reported a case of CSD in a young patient (58 years) where an anatomical hemi-arthroplasty was held as well as bone reconstruction and biological resurfacing of the glenoid with enhanced anterior capsule allograft. They reported satisfactory outcomes for the procedure.
Rassi et al[28] reported a case of a 22-year-old bench press athlete with bilateral CSD who refused surgical treatment and had no pain and his arc of movement was considered functional with evolution.
Treatment of CSD has worsened its prognosis when it involves patients with advanced age, where the healing capacity and adaptation of soft tissue is compromised. These patients usually have poor rotator cuffs, therefore it is not possible to guarantee function when one choses to use the conventional shoulder prosthesis[17,26].
The literature is also controversial when analyzing the CSD in patients with advanced age. Galano et al[29] reported a more than 70-year-old patient with 15 days of shoulder dislocation submitted to closed reduction of the joint and arthroscopic suture of the rotator cuff. Yu et al[20] evaluated the surgical reduction of the CSD in seven patients with an average age of 74 years. Patients achieved improved active forward flexion without redislocation.
Jong-Hun Ji et al[14], reported a case of a 68-year-old patient presenting 4 months of CSD and rotator cuff injury that underwent a successful RSA.
Raiss et al[30], in a multi-center study, evaluated the largest series of cases in the literature. They studied the results of 22 CSD with average age of 71 years treated with RSA. They found an improvement in the Constant score, improvement on range of motion in flexion and external rotation. The range of motion achieved in this study was similar to that achieved in our patients. Another similarity factor of our series was the complication rate around 30%. They concluded that the RSA may be indicated in elderly patients with CSD and that bone deficiency In the glenoid is a poor prognostic factor.
The Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty have had their indications extended in order to try to solve several serious joint disorders[13,14,30,31]. Its self stabilization’s characteristic may decrease the chances of redislocation, presented in other types of treatment for the CSD. The shoulder function can be satisfactorily restored through this procedure in patients who present missing damaged or insufficient rotator cuff, [30]. Kurowicki et al.[32[ analyzed a serie of 24 patients with an average age of 76 years, with severe anterior shoulder instability and glenoid bone loss that evolved into RSA. They observed that patients’ pain was mitigated and functions were improved after RSA. They also noted that this type of indication to RSA results in less arc of forward flexion then the classical indication for cuff arthropathy. Lower functional score rates and higher incidence of acromion fractures was found as well.
The initial assessment of the patient with CSD in general shows no neurological damage[17,18]. In our cases, the neurovascular examination was normal at the time of hospital admission for surgery.
The alcohol addiction predisposes the patient to falls and convulsive states, increasing the likelihood of shoulder dislocation[1,32,33]. Checchia et al.[4] showed an incidence of 23% of alcoholism among patients with CSD in their study. Habermayer et al.[26] did not show alcohol consumption as a factor related to dislocation in their 12 patients with CSD. Two of our patients were alcoholics (66%), therefore, we consider important to mention alcoholism as a variable in the study because they are patients with limited commitment to the physiotherapy postoperative program.
We consider bias in our study the limited number of cases, although it is a rare disease.

Conclusion
The characteristic of self stabilization of the Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty can lead to medium-term satisfactory results for Chronic Shoulder Dislocations in elderly patients.


References

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2 – De Palma A.F. Dislocations of the Shoulder, In Surgery of the Shoulder, 3rd ed., Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott, 1973. p.461-474.
3 -Kirtland S, Resnick D, Sartoris DJ, Pate D, Greenway G. Chronic unreduced dislocation of the glenohumeral joint: imaging strategy and pathologic correlation. J Trauma. 1988 Dec;28(12):1622-31
4 – Checchia Sl, Doneux P, Miyazaki An, Bauer G, Akkari M & E, Acero J. Luxação anterior inveterada de ombro. Resultados obtidos no tratamento cirúrgico. Rev Bras Ortop;31(8):663-669,August 1996.
5 – Li Y, Jiang C. The Effectiveness of the Latarjet Procedure in Patients with Chronic Locked Anterior Shoulder Dislocation: A Retrospective Study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016 May 18;98(10):813-23.
6 – Boileau P, Chuinard C, Le Huec JC, Walch G, Trojani C. Proximal humerus fracture sequelae: impact of a new radiographic classification on arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006 Jan;442:121-30.
7 – Schultz TJ, Jacobs B. & Patterson RL. Unrecognized dislocations of the shoulder. J Trauma 9: 1009-1023, 1969.
8 – Rowe C, Zarins B. Chronic unreduced dislocations of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 64: 494-505, 1982.
9 – Postacchini F, Facchini M. The treatment of unreduced dislocation of the shoulder. A review of 12 cases. J Orthop Traumatol 13: 15-26, 1987.
10 – Deliz ED, Flatow EL. Chronic unreduced shoulder dislocations. In: Bigliani L.U.: Complications of shoulder surgery. Maryland, Williams and Wilkins, p. 127-138, 1993.
11 – Loebenberg MI, Cuomo F. The treatment of chronic anterior and posterior dislocations of the glenohumeral joint and associated articular surface defects. Orthop Clin North Am 31: 23-34, 2000.
12 – Sahajpal DT, Zuckerman JD. Chronic glenohumeral dislocation. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2008; 16 : 385-398.
13 – Urch E, Dines JS, Dines DM. Emerging Indications for Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty. Instr Course Lect. 2016;65:157-69.
14 – Ji JH, Shafi M, Jeong JJ, Ha JY. Case Report: Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in the treatment of chronic anterior fracture dislocation complicated by a chronic full thickness retracted rotator cuff tear in an elderly patient. J Orthop Sci. 2016 Mar;21(2):237-40.
15 – Beredjiklian PK. Biologic Aspects of Flexor Tendon Laceration and Repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2003 Mar;85(3):539-550.
16 – Cutts S, Prempeh M, Drew S. Anterior shoulder dislocation. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2009;91(1):2-7.
17 – Verhaegen F, Smets I, Bosquet M, Brys P, Debeer P. Chronic anterior shoulder dislocation: aspects of current management and potential complications. Acta Orthop Belg. 2012 Jun;78(3):291-5.
18 – Babalola OR, Vrgoč G, Idowu O, Sindik J, Čoklo M, Marinović M, Bakota B. Chronic unreduced shoulder dislocations: Experience in a developing country trauma centre. Injury. 2015 Nov;46 Suppl 6:S100-2.
19 – Rispoli DM, Sperling JW, Athwal GS, Schleck CD, Cofield RH. Pain relief and functional results after resection arthroplasty of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg 2007; 89-B : 1184-1187.
20 – Yu D, Xiao H, Shi W, Ju J. Effectiveness Of Surgical Treatment For Senile Chronic Shoulder Dislocation. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2015 Sep;29(9):1076-9.
21 – Kubiak G, Fabiś J. Clinical improvement after 2 years one stage bilateral open reduction of chronic anterior shoulderdislocations with internal fixation of greater tuberosity fractures. Case study. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2013 Mar-Apr;15(2):175-81.
22. Diklic ID, Ganic ZD, Blagojevic ZD, Nho SJ, Romeo AA. Treatment of locked chronic posterior dislocation of the shoulder by reconstruction of the defect in the humeral head with an allograft. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010 Jan;92(1):71-6.
23 – Rouhani A, Navali A. Treatment of chronic anterior shoulder dislocation by open reduction and simultaneous Bankart lesion repair. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2010 Jun 16;2:15. doi: 10.1186/1758-2555-2-15.
24 – Abdelhady AM. Neglected anterior shoulder dislocation: open remplissage of the Hill-Sachs lesion with the infraspinatus tendon. Acta Orthop Belg. 2010 Apr;76(2):162-5.
25 – Venkatachalam S, Nicolas AP, Liow R. Treatment of chronic anterior locked glenohumeral dislocation with hemiarthroplasty. Shoulder Elbow. 2014 Apr;6(2):100-4.
26 – Gavriilidis I, Magosch P, Lichtenberg S, Habermeyer P, Kircher J. Chronic locked posterior shoulder dislocation with severe head involvement. Int Orthop. 2010;34(1):79-84.
27 – Mehta V. Humeral head plasty for a chronic locked anterior shoulder dislocation. Orthopedics. 2009 Jan;32(1):52.
28 – El Rassi G, Hijjawi A, Matta J, Fahs S, Khair OA. Bilateral locked anterior shoulder dislocation in a bench-pressing athlete: case report. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2015 Jun;135(6):747-9.
29 – Galano GJ, Dieter AA, Moradi NE, Ahmad CS. Arthroscopic management of a chronic primary anterior shoulder dislocation. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2010 Jul;39(7):351-5.
30 – Raiss P, Edwards TB, Bruckner T, Loew M, Zeifang F, Walch G. Reverse arthroplasty for patients with chronic locked dislocation of the shoulder (type 2 fracture sequela). J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016 Aug 10. pii: S1058-2746(16)30183-5.
31 – Motta Filho G, Galvão MV, Monteiro M, Cohen M, Brandão B. Registro das Artroplastias do Ombro. Rev. Bras Ortop. 2009;44(2):125-33.
32 – Kurowicki J, Triplet JJ, Momoh E, Moor MA, Levy JC. Reverse shoulder prosthesis in the treatment of locked anterior shoulders: a comparison with classic reverse shoulder indications. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016 Jul 12. pii: S1058-2746(16)30108-2.
33 – Robinson CM, Aderinto J. Posterior shoulder dislocations and fracture-dislocations. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(3):639-50.


How to Cite this article:Almeida AD, Zampieri R, Guarise da Silva P, Couto de Almeida N, Agostini AP. The use of Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty for treatment of Chronic Shoulder Dislocations Acta of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Jan – June 2017;2(1):11-14

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